04/17/2026
The Varangian Guard was one of the stranger institutions in medieval history: a corps of Norse and later Anglo-Saxon mercenaries serving as the personal bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople, loyal not to any man but to the office of the throne itself.
They were famously described by Byzantine writers as terrifying in appearance and equipment, enormous axe-wielding warriors from the frozen north who had traveled south through the river systems of the Rus into the heart of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Basil II had recruited the first six thousand from Prince Vladimir of Kiev in 988, deliberately choosing men with no local political loyalties who could be trusted to protect the emperor from the Byzantine aristocracy itself.
By 1034, during the reign of Emperor Michael IV, units of the Guard were wintering in the Thrakesion Theme, the military district covering the interior of western Anatolia.
Spread through the local countryside in their winter quarters, they occupied villages and farmsteads in the manner of soldiers on campaign.
The Chronicle of John Skylitzes, the eleventh-century Byzantine historian whose work is one of the most significant surviving sources for this period, records what happened when one of these men encountered a local woman alone in a remote area.
He attempted to assault her. When she refused, he tried to force her. She pulled his sword, drove it through him, and he died on the spot.
When the news reached the other Varangians quartered in the region, they gathered together. What followed is the part of the story that Skylitzes found worth preserving. They held a thing, the Norse legal assembly that the Guard maintained as its internal court, and passed judgment on what had happened.
Under Norse law, the r**e of a woman was a capital offense punishable by death. The man had received that death at the hands of the person he had tried to harm.
The Guard honored the woman with a wreath, formally recognized her act, and awarded her all of the dead man’s possessions, including whatever valuables and clothing he had with him, some accounts specifying silk garments among them.
They then left his body unburied, a deliberate and significant act in Norse and Varangian custom, treating him as though he had died by his own hand, the most dishonorable death available in their tradition.