Vishan Enterprises

27/03/2018

BED BUGS! BED BUGS! BED BUGS!!!!!
THE UNTOLD STORY ABOUT BED BUGS.
INTRODUCTION
BEDBUG OVERVIEW
Bedbugs are small insects that can infest homes and other structures. There are several species of bedbugs, one of which (Cimex lectularius) is responsible for the majority of infestations in temperate (moderate) climates; another species can be found in more tropical areas. There are also related species known as "bat bugs" and "bird bugs", which infest the habitats of those animals. A microscopic examination may be necessary to distinguish bedbugs from other species.
How to determine if bedbugs are present, how to treat bedbug bites, and how to eliminate a bedbug infestation.
WHERE ARE BEDBUGS FOUND?
Human bedbugs are found around the world and can infest any structure or site where people may rest. Bedbugs tend to be more common in apartment buildings, other multi-family facilities (eg, homeless shelters), and hotels. Historically, they have also been found in public transportation systems and entertainment venues.
Bedbugs from tropical areas can be transported to non-tropical locations by international travelers, who unknowingly carry the insects on their clothing or luggage. If bedbugs are seen during travel, clothing and luggage should be inspected and cleaned before re-entering one's own home. Washing clothing and then drying it in an electric clothes dryer on the hot setting is adequate to kill bedbugs.
Bedbugs feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals, including humans; they are attracted by warmth and carbon dioxide, and tend to bite when a person is asleep or still for a period of time. They favor cracks and crevices in mattresses, cushions, bed frames, in the folds of curtains, behind loose wallpaper or baseboards, and in clothing or other items on the floor. During a heavy infestation, bedbugs may spread to other items in the room, as well as to adjacent rooms.
The females also lay eggs in these locations, which hatch after four to 10 days. Because bedbugs typically hide during the day, they are often not seen or suspected until bites to the skin are observed.

BEDBUG APPEARANCE
Bedbugs are small and wingless (non-flying), with flat oval-shaped bodies and six legs. They are reddish-brown in color, and may appear redder after feeding on blood. Adult bedbugs reach about 0.25 inches (5 to 7 mm) in length, and the body elongates and widens after a meal.
As bedbugs molt (shed their skin) several times throughout their lifetime, cast-off skins may occasionally be visible at the site of a previous or current infestation.

REACTION TO BEDBUG BITES
It takes five to 10 minutes for a bedbug to complete a "blood meal", or feeding. Bedbugs often inflict a series of bites in a row, and typically target exposed areas of skin (eg, face, neck, arms, hands). The bite itself is generally painless, and may not be noticed until the person awakens or even a day or two later.
Reactions to bedbug bites vary; some people have few or no symptoms, while others experience a more severe reaction. Typically, bedbug bites appear as small, red and swollen areas on the skin, often with a point or dot visible in the center. The area is usually itchy, and may resemble urticaria (hives), a common skin reaction that is often triggered by contact with an allergen.
Bedbug bites usually take three to six weeks to heal, although new bites are likely to accumulate even as the older ones disappear as long as the infestation is still present. Bites may become infected, particularly if the person scratches at and further irritates the skin.
Psychosocial aspects — People affected by bedbugs may experience significant levels of stress and anxiety as a result of concerns about spreading the infestation. However, with the proper measures, bedbugs can be eliminated safely and successfully. Feelings of panic, depression, or extreme anxiety or despair should be discussed with a healthcare provider.
DO I HAVE BEDBUGS?
Bedbug bites — Bedbug bites can be difficult to distinguish from other insect bites; however, several clues can suggest the presence of bedbugs. The discovery of red, itchy bites upon awakening (see 'Reaction to bedbug bites' above), particularly if they form a line or row on the skin, should arouse suspicion.
Other conditions that may produce symptoms similar to bedbug bites include:
• Scabies — A mite infestation which causes intense itching, scabies also causes red lesions; however, unlike bedbug bites, they are usually not limited to exposed skin, and are sometimes accompanied by signs of a burrow (small line in the skin).
• Insect bites — Bites from fleas, mites, and other small bugs or insects can cause redness, swelling, and itching of the skin.
• Other skin disorders — Conditions such as dermatitis herpetiformis, a skin eruption caused by an allergy to gluten (a protein found in wheat), can also resemble the reactions caused by bed bug bites. Other allergies, aggressive washing, and use of some cleaning products can also cause skin irritation.
Signs of infestation — Minor bedbug infestations are often difficult to detect, as the bugs themselves are rarely seen due to their small size and tendency to hide in cracks and crevices during the day. Small reddish-brown specks of dung found on linens, mattresses, or walls surrounding the bed may suggest the presence of bed bugs.
Severe or widespread infestations can cause a coriander-like odor that may be recognizable to those familiar with it; however, this is not usually helpful when trying to diagnose bedbug bites. The only way to definitively identify a bedbug infestation is to collect a specimen (bedbug) and send it to an expert for evaluation and identification. An extension office or entomology department, other options include contacting the local health department or a pest control service. A bedbug specimen may be stored in a plastic pill bottle, zipper top plastic bag, or taped to a piece of white paper.
CAN BEDBUGS CARRY DISEASE?
In general, bedbugs are not known to spread pathogens (germs) that can cause disease in humans. Further research is needed to fully understand the possible connections between bedbugs and other diseases.
Prevention and Control. Fumigation should be conducted after every one (1 week) because they reproduce after 10 days, to be able to kill both adults and young ones immediately after hatching.

28/01/2018

WE OFFER SPRAYING / FUMIGATION SERVICES AND ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCE CONSULTANCY.
COMMUNITY PREVENTION AND CONTROL
CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS,DENGUE VIRUS AND MALARIA INFECCTIONS.
THE ABOVE ARE TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES.
IT’S A HEALTH CONCERN WE CONTROL BREEDING OF MOSQUITOES AROUND OUR
HOUSEHOLDS, SCHOOLS,PUBLIC FACILITIES,CHURCHES WHERE PEOPLE GATHER TO REDUCE RATE OF TRANSMISSION.
WHAT IS CHIKUNGUNYA ?
• CHIKUNGUNYA IS A VIRUS
HUMAN AND OTHER PRIMATES ARE NATURAL HOSTS OF CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS.
TRANSMISSION.
• THE VIRUS PREDOMINATELY TRASMITTED BY A BITE FROM AN INFECTED AEDES SPECIES MOSQUITO.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS.
THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SHOW UP TWO TO SEVEN DAYS AFTER BEING BITTEN BY AN INFECTED MOSQUITO.
• MILD TO SEVERE HEADACHES
• FEVER
• MILD TO SEVERE JOINT PAINS
• SWOLLEN JOINTS
• REDNESS OF EYES ( CONJUCTIVITIS)
• BODY RASH
• NAUSEA
• ABDOMINAL PAINS ( GASTROENTERITIS)
• BLEEDING RARE( HAEMORRAGE)
• NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ALSO RARE.
TREATMENT
USE OF PAIN KILLERS SUCH AS PARACETMOL AND PLENTY OF WATER INTAKE , VEGETABLE,VITAMIN C FROM ( FRUITS LIKE ORANGES PASSION E.T.C)
NOTE BETTER : VISIT YOUR DOCTOR FOR MANAGEMENT INCASE OF THE ABOVE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.
SPRAY!!!!!!! SPRAY!!!!!!! SPRAY!!!SPRAY!!!!!SPRAY!!!!!SPRAY!!!!!SPRAY!!!!!!
PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES.
INSECTICIDES USED IS PANTHENON
PANTHENON IS a synthetic pyrethroid public health insecticide for the control of mosquitoes, bedbugs, cockroaches, ticks and other biting insects.(Dawa ya kuthibiti mbu,kunguni,mende,kupe na wadudu wengine wenye kuuma kwenye sehemu zote za umma).
FUMIGATION RATES:
HOUSEHOLD
• ONE ROOM @300/-
• TWO ROOMS @500/- TWO BED ROOM 6OO/-
• THREE BED ROOM 800/-
• INSTITUTIONS NEGOTIABLE. SIGNED BY: DIRECTOR VISHANENTERPRISES

25/01/2018

This school is situated at Migadini changamwe area ,a place with increasing number of people suffering from chikungunya virus.

25/01/2018

This is one among the schools fumigated on 20th January 2018.

25/01/2018

MOSQUITO VECTORS — Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquitoes, the principal vector for the transmission of dengue virus and chikungunya virus, have many characteristics that make them ideal for dissemination of the viruses . A. aegypti typically breed in or close to houses, laying eggs in both man-made and natural water containers. The typical flight distance is relatively short . A. aegypti are daytime feeders that prefer to bite humans and are frequently unnoticed. They are easily interrupted in their feeding and move on to another host, frequently taking multiple blood meals in a single breeding cycle. Thus, an infected A. aegypti mosquito may transmit dengue virus or chikungunya virus to several individuals in a small area. For these reasons, family members who are at home during the day, typically women and young children, are thought to be at particularly high risk for infection.
LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITO. s
NB: ONLY ONE MOSQUITO CAN LAY ~ 2000 EGGS PER MONTH.
The mosquito progresses through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult . The full life cycle usually takes about 14 days, but the duration varies with temperature and species. Outside of tropical climates, most mosquito species overwinter as eggs, although some overwinter as larvae or adults.
Eggs — Female mosquitoes lay up to 200 eggs per reproductive cycle, and with sufficient nutrition can lay eggs as frequently as every three days. The eggs hatch into larvae in about 48 hours.
Mosquito eggs are cigar shaped and about 1 mm long. Anopheline eggs can be distinguished from culicine eggs by the presence of "floats" (little air filled sacs on the side of the egg). Anopheles and Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes lay their eggs individually. Culex mosquitoes lay their eggs in groups ("egg rafts"), which are collections of upright eggs typically 3 to 4 mm long and 2 to 3 mm wide .
Anopheles mosquitoes lay eggs in clean water (such as rain puddles, water tanks, and irrigation ditches). In contrast, Culicine mosquitoes have a broader range of breeding sites. Culex mosquitoes can tolerate high levels of organic pollution; Culex quinquefasciatus in particular is associated with areas of human habitation and can lay eggs in dirty water (such as pit latrines, cess pits, and blocked drains). The eggs of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes can withstand desiccation for many months so that breeding sites can remain dormant until there is rainfall or flooding; Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti in particular can lay their eggs in domestic water pots, tires, and garbage.
Larva — The eggs hatch into larvae that live in the water and come to the surface to breathe. Culicine larvae maintain a position vertical to the water surface and breathe via a siphon, which extends to the water surface; the Culex siphon is longer than the Aedes (Stegomyia) siphon. In contrast, Anopheles larvae lie in a horizontal position parallel to the water surface and do not have a siphon . The larvae develop through four stages (also known as "instars"), which lasts 7 to 10 days (at tropical temperatures) before reaching the pupa stage.
Pupa — Pupae float on the water surface. In the pupa stage the head and thorax are fused to form a comma-shaped cephalothorax; during this stage there are no distinguishing characteristics between the genera . Pupae breathe, but do not feed, so larvicide cannot be ingested during this stage, although a surface oil can induce suffocation. Metamorphosis from pupa into an adult mosquito takes about two days.
Adult — The newly emerged adult mosquito must rest briefly on the surface of still water until its parts have dried and hardened before it can fly. Males are able to mate 24 hours after emergence. Females are able to mate immediately. Females blood feed at three days old and lay eggs about two days after a blood meal. Both the male and female feed on flower nectar for food, but only female mosquitoes bite humans or animals to obtain protein needed for producing eggs. Mosquitoes usually feed in the mornings and evenings, avoiding the heat of the day.
The head appendages of the adult mosquito consist of one proboscis (the elongated feeding apparatus), a pair of antennae, and a pair of maxillary palps; these features require a microscope for visualization . Female mosquitoes use their proboscis to cut through the skin and take blood feeds. Male mosquitoes do not have a proboscis suitable for extracting blood. The antennae of males are bushier than female mosquitoes and are visible with the naked eye. The unique palp characteristics are the most reliable for differentiation between Anopheline and Culicine mosquitoes . Anopheline female palps are about the same length as the proboscis, while Anopheline male palps are club-shaped at the ends. Culicine female palps are shorter than the proboscis, and Culicine male palps are long with a tapered point.
Living adult mosquitoes can also be recognized by their stance, without a microscope. Anopheline mosquitoes are oriented with head, thorax and abdomen in a straight line at an acute angle to the surface, while Culicine mosquitoes rest with the head and body angled and the abdomen directed back to the surface .
DISEASE CONTROL — Attempts at mosquito control measures have targeted both adult and larval stages of the life cycle . The adult mosquito has been targeted by using insecticides in the form of indoor insecticide spraying or insecticide treated bed nets. In addition, insect repellent applied directly to exposed skin or clothing has been attempted. The larvae may be targeted by applying insecticides to the water, applying a layer of oil or polystyrene beads to breeding site water surfaces to induce suffocation of larvae or pupae, and releasing larvivorous fish and copepods to consume larvae. Genetic control measures to prevent eggs from hatching, larvae from surviving, or adults from transmitting human disease have also been attempted.
In general, measures to control the adult stage are more effective since breeding sites can be very sporadic in distribution. Targeting adult mosquitoes reduces insect longevity and hence disease transmission, while larvae from missed breeding sites mature into adults with normal survival and capacity for disease transmission. In addition, larval control for an entire region is difficult to achieve, since mosquitoes can fly in from uncontrolled breeding sites up to a few kilometers away. However, in regions where gaining access to individual homes is difficult, larval control may be more appropriate.

25/01/2018